Difference between pages "Find out where configuration changes are stored" and "What does "unary operator expected" mean"
From Linuxintro
(Difference between pages)
imported>ThorstenStaerk |
imported>ThorstenStaerk |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | + | When you work with Linux scripts on the command line, you will sometimes get an error message saying | |
| + | unary operator expected | ||
| + | And you may wonder what this means. To give you an example, let's write a short bash script. | ||
| − | + | = The script = | |
| + | Just copy and paste the lines below into a Linux Shell: | ||
| + | [[cat]] >test.sh<<EOF | ||
| + | [[echo]] "how is your name? " | ||
| + | read name | ||
| + | if [ $name = "Thorsten" ]; then echo "I know you"; fi | ||
| + | EOF | ||
| + | chmod 777 test.sh | ||
| + | After you did this, you have a script test.sh that will ask you for your name and say "I know you" if your name is Thorsten. You can call the script using the [[command]] | ||
| + | ./test | ||
| + | Now if you don't enter a name and just press enter you will get this: | ||
| + | # ./test.sh | ||
| + | how is your name? | ||
| + | |||
| + | ./test.sh: line 3: [: =: unary operator expected | ||
| + | This is clearly a problem in line 3. $name is replaced by ''nothing'' when the shell executes the line. So the remainder of the line reads | ||
| + | if [ = "Thorsten" ]; then echo "I know you"; fi | ||
| + | Which does not work because you cannot compare ''nothing'' with "Thorsten". | ||
| − | = The | + | = The solution = |
| − | + | There is a simple trick to avoid this kind of error messages already when programming. For example if you add an "x" left and right next to the equal sign in line 3: | |
| − | + | if [ x$name = "xThorsten" ]; then echo "I know you"; fi | |
| − | [ | + | The shell may still replace $name by ''nothing'', but then the x will stay and the command will be after evaluation: |
| − | + | if [ x = "xThorsten" ]; then echo "I know you"; fi | |
| − | + | And there will not be an error message any longer. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | = Outlook = | |
| − | + | You can also debug the script line-by-line using bashdb. Bashdb shows all commands that are being executed, just like [[gdb]] or [[strace]], but for bash scripts: | |
| − | + | <pre> | |
| − | + | tstaerk@ubuntu:~$ bashdb test.sh | |
| − | + | bashdb debugger, release 4.2-0.6 | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | Copyright 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Rocky Bernstein | |
| − | + | This is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are | |
| − | + | welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | [[ | + | (/home/tstaerk/test.sh:1): |
| + | 1: echo "how is your name? " | ||
| + | bashdb<0> step | ||
| + | how is your name? | ||
| + | (/home/tstaerk/test.sh:2): | ||
| + | 2: read name | ||
| + | bashdb<1> step | ||
| + | Thorsten | ||
| + | (/home/tstaerk/test.sh:3): | ||
| + | 3: if [ = "Thorsten" ]; then echo "I know you"; fi | ||
| + | bashdb<2> step | ||
| + | test.sh: line 3: [: =: unary operator expected | ||
| + | (/usr/bin/bashdb:1): | ||
| + | 1: #!/bin/bash | ||
| + | bashdb<3> step | ||
| + | Debugged program terminated normally. Use q to quit or R to restart. | ||
| + | bashdb<4> | ||
| + | </pre> | ||
| + | |||
| + | = See also = | ||
| + | * [[troubleshooting]] | ||
| + | * [[error messages]] | ||
Revision as of 08:23, 21 December 2011
When you work with Linux scripts on the command line, you will sometimes get an error message saying
unary operator expected
And you may wonder what this means. To give you an example, let's write a short bash script.
Contents
The script
Just copy and paste the lines below into a Linux Shell:
cat >test.sh<<EOF echo "how is your name? " read name if [ $name = "Thorsten" ]; then echo "I know you"; fi EOF chmod 777 test.sh
After you did this, you have a script test.sh that will ask you for your name and say "I know you" if your name is Thorsten. You can call the script using the command
./test
Now if you don't enter a name and just press enter you will get this:
# ./test.sh how is your name? ./test.sh: line 3: [: =: unary operator expected
This is clearly a problem in line 3. $name is replaced by nothing when the shell executes the line. So the remainder of the line reads
if [ = "Thorsten" ]; then echo "I know you"; fi
Which does not work because you cannot compare nothing with "Thorsten".
The solution
There is a simple trick to avoid this kind of error messages already when programming. For example if you add an "x" left and right next to the equal sign in line 3:
if [ x$name = "xThorsten" ]; then echo "I know you"; fi
The shell may still replace $name by nothing, but then the x will stay and the command will be after evaluation:
if [ x = "xThorsten" ]; then echo "I know you"; fi
And there will not be an error message any longer.
Outlook
You can also debug the script line-by-line using bashdb. Bashdb shows all commands that are being executed, just like gdb or strace, but for bash scripts:
tstaerk@ubuntu:~$ bashdb test.sh bashdb debugger, release 4.2-0.6 Copyright 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Rocky Bernstein This is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. (/home/tstaerk/test.sh:1): 1: echo "how is your name? " bashdb<0> step how is your name? (/home/tstaerk/test.sh:2): 2: read name bashdb<1> step Thorsten (/home/tstaerk/test.sh:3): 3: if [ = "Thorsten" ]; then echo "I know you"; fi bashdb<2> step test.sh: line 3: [: =: unary operator expected (/usr/bin/bashdb:1): 1: #!/bin/bash bashdb<3> step Debugged program terminated normally. Use q to quit or R to restart. bashdb<4>
